The Siege of Castelnuovo
A Historic Chapter in Herceg Novi's Legacy
The Siege of Castelnuovo is a piece of history of Herceg Novi, presented in scientific research of our team member Janko.
Introduction
Welcome to Herceg Novi (Castelnuovo), a captivating coastal town founded in 1382 by Tvrtko I Kotromanić. Nestled between the historic cities of Dubrovnik and Kotor, Herceg Novi was envisioned as a vibrant port to rival its neighbours. While Kotor fell under Venetian control in 1420 through what some historians call “voluntary submission,” Herceg Novi remained free until the Ottomans seized it a century later. The town’s strategic position and formidable fortifications made it a focal point in the Mediterranean conflicts of the 16th century. One of the most dramatic episodes in its history unfolded between October 1538 and August 1539 during the Siege of Castelnuovo.
The Formation of the Holy League
In the early 16th century, Europe faced the growing threat of Ottoman expansion, which had been halted near Vienna in 1529. This led to increased tension and conflict in the Mediterranean. The Venetians, keen to protect their territories and trade routes, spearheaded the formation of the Holy League in February 1538. This powerful alliance included the Papal States, the Holy Roman Empire, the Knights of Malta, the Venetian Republic, and the Spanish kingdoms of Sicily and Naples. Although grand plans for a massive coordinated effort were initially conceived, the Holy League’s forces ultimately comprised about 130 galleys and 4,500 infantry, predominantly Spanish tercios known for their military expertise.
The Siege and Capture of Castelnuovo
Despite an initial setback at the Battle of Preveza, the Holy League managed to capture Castelnuovo. This small yet strategically vital town quickly became a point of contention within the alliance. The Venetians, fearing the economic impact on their trade, desired control over Castelnuovo. However, Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire refused, leading to internal strife within the Holy League.
The siege saw the Holy League’s forces, commanded by figures like Ferrante Gonzaga and Francisco Sarmiento de Mendoza y Manuel, face fierce resistance. The army included a diverse mix of Spanish soldiers, Greek mercenaries, and artillery units. Despite the odds, the defenders of Castelnuovo displayed remarkable resilience, fortifying the town’s defences and preparing for the inevitable Ottoman counterattack.
Ottoman Recapture of Castelnuovo
Suleiman the Magnificent, determined to reclaim Castelnuovo, launched a powerful campaign led by his legendary admiral, Hayreddin Barbarossa. Despite warnings from Andrea Doria that naval support would not be forthcoming, the defenders fortified the town, particularly its Upper and Lower Fortresses. The Upper Fortress, known locally as “Spagnola,” was notably renovated by the Spaniards, although it was originally constructed by the Ottomans.
The defenders’ heroism was celebrated by contemporaries such as Ludovik Paskvalić and Gutierre de Cetina. Their valour, however, was not enough to withstand the Ottoman onslaught, and Castelnuovo eventually fell. This episode was also chronicled by Isaiah Kohen, a Portuguese Jew, adding to the rich tapestry of historical accounts.
Legacy and Cultural Impact
The Spanish occupation of Castelnuovo, though brief, left an indelible mark on the town. Descendants of the Spanish soldiers who remained after the Ottoman recapture continued to live in the area, some retaining their Latin surnames while others adopted Slavic ones. The Catholic Church of St. Anne on Savina hill served as their burial site until the 19th century.
The Siege of Castelnuovo also created historical confusions, such as the mix-up between two figures named Ferrante Gonzaga. Additionally, this period inspired local myths and legends, including tales of heroism and martyrdom, such as the story of Blessed Osanna of Cattaro.
Conclusion
The Siege of Castelnuovo is a fascinating chapter in the history of Herceg Novi. This event not only underscores the town’s strategic importance in the Mediterranean but also highlights the bravery and resilience of its defenders. As you explore Herceg Novi, you’ll walk through a town rich with history and stories of heroism that have shaped its legacy. Whether you’re admiring the fortresses or reflecting on the tales of the past, Herceg Novi offers a unique glimpse into a pivotal moment in history.
The architecture of Herceg Novi reflects its diverse history, with influences from the Ottomans, Venetians, and Spaniards. Walking through the town, you can see these layers in the old fortresses, such as the “Spagnola” fortress, which bears both Ottoman and Spanish architectural elements. The town’s topography, with its steep streets and stunning coastal views, also tells a story of its strategic importance and defensive capabilities. Historical sites like the Catholic Church of St. Anne on Savina hill offer glimpses into the town’s multicultural past, where descendants of Spanish soldiers and other historical figures are buried. Each layer of Herceg Novi’s history contributes to its rich tapestry, making it a fascinating destination for history enthusiasts and cultural explorers alike. The full scientific article about the Siege of Castelunuovo you can read on the following link.
If you are eager to know more about Herceg Novi and the region of Boka Bay, join one of our private tours and discover Boka with your private local guide.